Biodiversity Conservation in Costa Rica

The beautiful tropical dry forest of northwest Costa Rica, with its highly seasonal rainfall and diversely vegetated landscape, is disappearing even more rapidly than Costa Rica's better-known rain forest, primarily because it has been easier to convert to agriculture. This book, based on more than thirty years of study, offers the first comprehensive look at the ecology, biodiversity, and conservation status of this endangered and fragile region. The contributors, from Costa Rica, Britain, Mexico, and the United States, and representing the fields of ecology, environmental education, policy, and the law, examine the major plant and animal groups living in the dry forest and present the first technical evaluation of Costa Rica's conservation efforts.

As they assess the status of their area of specialty in the dry forest, the contributors also look beyond this particular region to show how its plants and animals are ecologically and evolutionarily connected to other geographic areas in Costa Rica and Central America. Their chapters cover topics such as watershed and coastal management, plant phenology, pollination, insects, birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles. They also consider the socioeconomic, policy, legal, and political aspects of biodiversity conservation, giving the volume a wide-ranging perspective and making a unique contribution to our knowledge of the tropical dry forest. The book concludes with an important synthesis of the contributors' recommendations on future directions, policies, and actions that will better conserve biodiversity in Costa Rica and other neotropical forests as well.

Gordon W. Frankie is Professor of Insect Biology in the College of Natural Resources at the University of California, Berkeley. Alfonso Mata is Environmental Science Specialist at the Tropical Science Center in San Pedro, Costa Rica. S. Bradleigh Vinson is Professor of Entomology at Texas A & M University, College Station.

Preface
1. Introduction—Alfonso Mata and Jaime Echeverría

PART I. BIODIVERSITY AND ECOLOGICAL STUDIES

A. COSTA RICAN DRY FOREST
2. Flowering Phenology and Pollination Systems Diversity in the Seasonal Dry Forest—Gordon W. Frankie, William A. Haber, S. Bradleigh Vinson, Kamal S. Bawa, Peter S. Ronchi, and Nelson Zamora
3. Breeding Structure of Neotropical Dry-Forest Tree Species in Fragmented Landscapes—James L. Hamrick and Victoria J. Apsit
4. Impact of Global Changes on the Reproductive Biology of Trees in Tropical Dry Forests—Kamal S. Bawa
5. Tropical Dry-Forest Mammals of Palo Verde: Ecology and Conservation in a Changing Landscape—Kathryn E. Stoner and Robert M. Timm
6. The Conservation Values of Bees and Ants in the Costa Rican Dry Forest—S. Bradleigh Vinson, Sean T. O’Keefe, and Gordon W. Frankie
7. Ecology of Dry-Forest Wildland Insects in the Area de Conservación Guanacaste—Daniel H. Janzen

B. BIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER COSTA RICAN FORESTS
8. Diversity, Migration, and Conservation of Butterflies in Northern Costa Rica—William A. Haber and Robert D. Stevenson
9. Watershed Ecology and Conservation: Hydrological Resources in the Northwest of Costa Rica—Alfonso Mata
10. Where the Dry Forest Feeds the Sea: The Gulf of Nicoya Estuary—José A. Vargas and Alfonso Mata
11. Mangrove Forests under Dry Seasonal Climates in Costa Rica—Jorge A. Jiménez

C. BIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS
12. Geographical Distribution, Ecology, and Conservation Status of Costa Rican Dry-Forest Avifauna—Gilbert Barrantes and Julio E. Sánchez
13. An Ultrasonically Silent Night: The Tropical Dry Forest without Bats—Richard K. LaVal
14. Biodiversity and Conservation of Middle American Dry-Forest Herpetofauna—Mahmood Sasa and Federico Bolaños
15. Parque Marino Las Baulas: Conservation Lessons from a New National Park and From 45 Years of Conservation of Sea Turtles in Costa Rica—James R. Spotila and Frank V. Paladino
16. Prospects for Circa Situm Tree Conservation in Mesoamerican Dry-Forest Agro-ecosystems—David H. Boshier, James E. Gordon, and Adrian J. Barrance


PART II. TRANSFERRING BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE INTO ACTION: THE RECORD

17. Biodiversity Inventories in Costa Rica and Their Application to conservation—Paul Hanson
18. Conflict Resolution: Recognizing and Managing Discord in Resource Protection—Gregory A. Giusti
19. Conservation and Environmental Education in Rural Northwestern Costa Rica: Learning the Lessons of a Nongovernmental Organization—Gordon W. Frankie and S. Bradleigh Vinson
20. The Media and Biodiversity Conservation—Gilda Aburto
21. Threats to the Conservation of Tropical Dry Forest in Costa Rica—Mauricio Quesada and Kathryn E. Stoner
22. Environmental Law of Costa Rica: Development and Enforcement—Roxana Salazar
23. Dispute over the Protection of the Environment in Costa Rica—Julio A. Bustos
24. The Policy Context for Conservation in Costa Rica: Model or Muddle?—Katrina Brandon
25. Conclusion and Recommendations—Gordon W. Frankie, Alfonso Mata, and Katrina Brandon

List of Contributors
Index