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University of California Press

About the Book

Recipient of the Francis Parkman Prize from the Society of American Historians

Ralph Waldo Emerson is one of the most important figures in the history of American thought, religion, and literature. The vitality of his writings and the unsettling power of his example continue to influence us more than a hundred years after his death. Now Robert D. Richardson Jr. brings to life an Emerson very different from the old stereotype of the passionless Sage of Concord. Drawing on a vast amount of new material, including correspondence among the Emerson brothers, Richardson gives us a rewarding intellectual biography that is also a portrait of the whole man.

These pages present a young suitor, a grief-stricken widower, an affectionate father, and a man with an abiding genius for friendship. The great spokesman for individualism and self-reliance turns out to have been a good neighbor, an activist citizen, a loyal brother. Here is an Emerson who knew how to laugh, who was self-doubting as well as self-reliant, and who became the greatest intellectual adventurer of his age.

Richardson has, as much as possible, let Emerson speak for himself through his published works, his many journals and notebooks, his letters, his reported conversations. This is not merely a study of Emerson's writing and his influence on others; it is Emerson's life as he experienced it. We see the failed minister, the struggling writer, the political reformer, the poetic liberator.

The Emerson of this book not only influenced Thoreau, Fuller, Whitman, Dickinson, and Frost, he also inspired Nietzsche, William James, Baudelaire, Marcel Proust, Virginia Woolf, and Jorge Luis Borges. Emerson's timeliness is persistent and striking: his insistence that literature and science are not separate cultures, his emphasis on the worth of every individual, his respect for nature.

Richardson gives careful attention to the enormous range of Emerson's readings—from Persian poets to George Sand—and to his many friendships and personal encounters—from Mary Moody Emerson to the Cherokee chiefs in Boston—evoking both the man and the times in which he lived. Throughout this book, Emerson's unquenchable vitality reaches across the decades, and his hold on us endures.

About the Author

Robert D. Richardson Jr. (1934-2020) was also the author of Henry Thoreau: A Life of the Mind (California, 1986), which won the Melcher Prize in 1987. Barry Moser is one of the foremost wood engravers and book illustrators in America.

Table of Contents

Preface

The Student
1. Prologue. 2. Emerson at Harvard. 3. The
March of Mind. 4. Home and Family.
5. The Angel of Death. 6. Scottish Common
Sense. 7 The Brothers Emerson. 8. The Young
Writer. 9. The Paradise of Dictionaries and
Critics. 10. Mme. de Stael and the Other
Germany. Divinity Studies.

Divinity
11. Pray without Ceasing. 12. The Prince of
Lipona. 13. The Balance Beam. 14. Ellen
Tucker. 15. Ordination and Marriage: Love
and Reason. 16. We Are What We Know.
17. Gerando and the First Philosophy. 18. The
Wreck of Earthly Good. 19. In My Study My
Faith Is Perfect. 20. Separation.
21. A Terrible Freedom.

The Inner Light
22. The American Eye. 23. I Will Be a
Naturalist. 24. A White Day in My Years.
25. The Instructed Eye. 26. Mary Rotch: Life
without Choice. 27. A Living Leaping
Logos. 28. A Theory of Animated Nature.
29. Each and All. 30. Confluence.

Nature
31. Lidian. 32. The New Jerusalem. 33. The
Art of Writing. Jakob Boehme. 34. Marriage
and Concord. 35. Alcott and English
Literature. 36. All in Each: Writing
Nature. 37. Nature: The Laws of the
World. 38. Nature: The Apocalypse of the
Mind. 39. Margaret Fuller.

Go Alone
40. The Symposium. 41. The Forging of the
Anchor. 42. We Are Not Children of Time.
43. The American Scholar. 44. Casting
Off. 45. Human Culture. 46. The Peace
Principle and the Cherokee Trail of Tears.
47. Henry Thoreau. 48. Go Alone: Refuse the
Great Models.

These Flying Days
49. New Books, New Problems. 50. Jones
Very. 51. The Attainable Self. 52. Home and
Family. 53. Writing Essays. 54. The Heart
Has Its Jubilees. 55. Identity and
Metamorphosis. 56. Brook Farm and Margaret
Fuller. 57. Pythagoras and Plotinus.
58. Osman s Ring: A Work of Ecstasy. 59. The
Frightful Hollows of Space.

Children of the Fire
60. The Dream of Community. 61. Children of
the Fire. 62. Emerson's Dial. 63. New
Views. 64. The World. 65. The Young
American. 66. Emerson s Emancipation
Address. 67. Essays on Power. 68. Ex Oriente
Lux.

The Natural History of Intellect
69. Representative Men. 70. The
Lecturer. 71. Persia and Poetry. 72. The New
Domestic Order. Poems. 73. The Orchard
Keeper. 74. I Shall Never Graduate.
75. England. 76. The Natural History of
Intellect. 77. Chartism and Revolution.

The Science of Liberty
78. Return: Quarrel with Thoreau.
79. The Walden Sierras. Quetelet.
80. Therienism and the Hegelian Moment.
81. The West. 82. The Matter of
Margaret. 83. The Tragic. 84. The Conduct
of Life. 85. The Fugitive Slave Act. 86. The
Science of Liberty.

Fame
87. My Platoon. 88. Country Walking and the
Sea. 89. English Traits. 90. Fame.
91. Whitman. 92. The Remedy at the Hour of
Need. 93. The Power and Terror of Thought.

Endings
94. Memory. 95. Civil War. Death of
Thoreau. 96. Terminus. 97. May-Day.
98. Harvard. California. Fire. 99. Philae and
Parnassus. 100. Fire at the Core of the World.

Genealogies
Chronology of the Life of Ralph Waldo Emerson
Principal Sources
Notes
Index
Illustrations

Reviews

"Richardson’s 671-page biography of Emerson is a page turner. The adventures are the adventures of a reader. And, of course, a thinker, a writer."
Los Angeles Times
"A worthy addition to the library of books on one of America's foremost thinkers."
New York Times
"Richardson balances the often chilling puritanism of Emerson's writing with a portrait of the man as hungry for friendship, maintaining close relationships with Carlisle, Thoreau, Bronson Alcott and Margaret Fuller; and whose icy doctrine of individualism reflects the loneliness caused by the premature deaths of his beloved first wife, his two younger brothers and numerous friends."
Publishers Weekly
"A captivating account of the originality, creativity, and genius of the American Coleridge."
Library Journal
“An electrifying work . . . a phenomenal piece of portraiture”
New York Newsday
"Emerson: The Mind on Fire is an unusually intelligent and involving book. Richardson himself writes with grace, vigor, acuity, and imagination. No other recent critic of Emerson . . . has written so well. This book is equal to the best American literary biographies we have and is arguably the best single book on Emerson ever written."
Journal of American History
"What Richardson has produced . . . a valuable, perhaps indispensable, paean to the intellectual life: we emerge from a reading of it fairly staggered by Emerson's sustained energy-even through his moments of doubt-and by the uncompromising honesty of Emerson's engagements with himself, with literature, nature, and society."
American Literature
"The Mind on Fire integrates heart and head without ever confusing the two; it presents exciting readings of Emerson's major works; it reveals a productive emotional vitality in ways never before shown; it is learned, accurate, judicious, and comprehensive, crisp in its conclusions, poetic in its language, too respectful of its subject ever to make him stodgy. The book is aptly titled, with its allusion to Emerson's volcanic metaphor for the creative mind, for Richardson's book truly fires the imagination."
New England Quarterly
"One of the great achievements in contemporary American literary studies. . . . Aside from his learning, which is prodigious, Richardson writes a wonderfully fluent, agile prose; he has a poet's sense of nuance and a novelist's grasp of dramatic rhythm; he also displays a positive genius for apt quotation."
New York Review of Books
"Richardson's rich and extensive book on Ralph Waldo Emerson is a guide to the fire that burned always at the center of Emerson's life. . . . To read this book is to be touched on the shoulder by a thousand years of poetry and thought. . . . For those who would understand Emerson, it is unforgettable; it is essential."—Mary Oliver, Winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry

"Emerson himself would surely have applauded Robert Richardson's monumental study, which treats the sage's thought not as a set of coldly reasoned propositions but as the continually shifting outcome of a struggle to surmount crisis and tragedy. In the process, Richardson has fashioned our most credible portrait of a vulnerable, driven, fully human Emerson."—Frederick Crews, author of The Sins of the Father

"The best biography I have read in years. Mr. Richardson is just the splendid writer Emerson has long deserved, and he makes the story great-hearted, inclusive, intellectual, and inspiring. I was enthralled."—Edward Hoagland

"A superb work . . . that will quickly come to be regarded as the definitive biography of Emerson. . . . Richardson's greatest achievement is to restore for us the emotional and passionate element of Emerson's life and personality, and to make us understand how significant an element that was. . . . He brings a very complex and interesting man—not just a thinker—to life."—David M. Robinson, author of Emerson and the Conduct of Life

"Scholars and general readers alike will return to this comprehensive and painstaking study for a long time to come."—Joel Porte, editor of Emerson's Essays

"The most readable biography of Emerson ever written and also one of the best from a scholarly standpoint."—Lawrence Buell, Harvard University

"In this magnificent study Emerson stands before us not only as the embodiment of his 'American Scholar' but also as a human mind. Richardson's Emerson is one whom we want to reread, but, more important, also whom we want to know as a friend and mentor."—Philip F. Gura

Awards

  • Certificate of Merit for a Distinguished Literary Biography Published in 1995 1996, Gale
  • Francis Parkman Prize 1996, Society of American Historians
  • St. Nicholas Society Literary Award 1996, St. Nicholas Society of New York
  • Melcher Book Award 1996, Unitarian Universalist Association