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University of California Press

About the Book

Lakes change constantly in response to their surrounding landscape, and their airshed. Mirror Lake, located in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, has been carefully researched since the 1960s. This book, edited by Thomas C. Winter and Gene E. Likens, summarizes and interprets the extensive data collected on this lake and its watershed from 1981 to 2000, a period during which the lake was affected by a variety of climate conditions as well as significant human activity. The findings documented also identify the panoply of chemicals influenced by limnological processes and include percentages of inflow sources, percentages of water loss from seepage, surface outflow, and evaporation, and the effect of water flow on the lake nutrients.

About the Author

Thomas C. Winter is a senior research hydrologist with the U.S. Geological Survey. Gene E. Likens is the Director and President of the Institute of Ecosystem Studies in Millbrook, NY.

Table of Contents

Preface and Acknowledgments xv

1. A Limnological Introduction to Mirror Lake 1
Gene E. Likens

Limnological History of the Lake 4
The Lake Today 5
This Book 13
Tables 15
References 19

2. Hydrologic Processes and the Water Budget 23
Donald O. Rosenberry and Thomas C. Winter

Hydrogeologic Setting 24
Hydrologic Processes 27
Methods of Determining Water Budget Components 31
Results 44
Tables 65
References 67

3. Nutrient Dynamics 69
Donald C. Buso, Gene E. Likens, James W. LaBaugh,
and Darren Bade

Research Methods 71
Research Results 83
Considerations 128
Conclusions 152
Tables 155
References 201

4. Evaluation of Methods and Uncertainties in the
Water Budget 205
Thomas C. Winter and Donald O. Rosenberry

Water Storage in the Lake 205
Precipitation 206
Evaporation 207
Surface Water 208
Groundwater 211
Tables 221
References 223

5. Evaluation of Methods and Uncertainties in the
Chemical Budget 225
James W. LaBaugh, Donald C. Buso, and Gene E. Likens

Uncertainty in the Water Budgets Used to Determine
Chemical Budgets 226
Uncertainties in Chemical Analyses 229
Uncertainties in Sample Collection 230
Alternate Approaches to Determining
Chemical Budgets 236
The Relation of Uncertainties to Hypotheses 246
The Relation of Water and Solute Budgets to Lake
Concentrations 257
Uncertainty in Perspective 262
Tables 264
References 295

6. Mirror Lake: Past, Present, and Future 299
Gene E. Likens and James W. LaBaugh

Historical Change 300
Hydrological and Biogeochemical Fluxes 303
Management Considerations 306
Cultural Eutrophication 310
The Future 314
References 320

7. Summary and Conclusions 327
Thomas C. Winter and Gene E. Likens

Index 333

Reviews

“Highly recommended.”
Choice
“This book should be required reading for researchers, and especially graduate students. . . . The authors of this book have done a true service to the environmental science community.”
Ecology
“The book should be quite useful in libraries of research institutes and organizations.”
Environment And Ecology
"This fine book shows how long term, cross-disciplinary research can reveal the functioning of ecosystems through time and space. One can only wish that F-A Forel, who more than a century ago invented such a strategy for his study of Lake Geneva, could know how far we have come."—William M. Lewis, Jr., University of Colorado at Boulder

"The long-term study of Mirror Lake is appropriately referred to as an ecosystem puzzle. It serves as a template for comprehensive investigations of lakes and their links to both air and watersheds. The findings provide insight about how a lake system functions, varies in response to forcing factors and might change over time. This is a handbook for students, researchers and lake managers."—Jack Jones, University of Missouri

"Mirror Lake is a great lake: not because it is large, or remarkably old, or pristine, or unique, but because this lake is the focus of intensive, long-term, ecological study by persistent and talented scientists. The researchers reveal the past and present, and the potential future of this lake ecosystem and others in somewhat similar situations. The dynamics and processes of lake biogeochemistry are documented comprehensively from 1981 to 2000 through measurement and analyses of hydrology and chemistry. The detail and documentation of what is often the primary published source will deter many from a close read, but will assure others that the conclusions and insights gained are well founded and important. Still others will appreciate and learn from the completeness of the methods and data and analyses, and the explicit consideration of uncertainties. Insights about the changes in the lake and possible futures for lakes deserve the attention, not only of those researching Mirror Lake, but also of those attempting to understand, manage, and protect lakes with considerably less site-specific information."—John J. Magnuson, University of Wisconsin-Madison