Natural Conflict Resolution

Aggression and competition are customarily presented as the natural state of affairs in both human society and the animal kingdom. Yet, as this book shows, our species relies heavily on cooperation for survival as do many others—from wolves and dolphins to monkeys and apes. A distinguished group of fifty-two authors, including many of the world's leading experts on human and animal behavior, review evidence from multiple disciplines on natural conflict resolution, making the case that reconciliation and compromise are as much a part of our heritage as is waging war.

Chimpanzees kiss and embrace after a fight. Children will appeal to fairness when fighting over a toy. Spotted hyenas, usually thought to be a particularly aggressive species, use reconciliation to restore damaged relationships. As these studies show, there are sound evolutionary reasons for these peacekeeping tendencies. This book also addresses the cultural, ecological, cognitive, emotional, and moral perspectives of conflict resolution.

Filippo Aureli is Senior Lecturer in the School of Biological and Earth Sciences at the Liverpool John Moores University, and Collaborative Scientist in the Psychobiology Division of the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center of Emory University. Frans B. M. de Waal is C.H. Candler Professor of Primate Behavior in the Psychology Department of Emory University, and Director of Living Links at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center. He is the author of Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape (California, 1997), among other books.

Preface
Acknowledgements
Introduction
1. Why Natural Conflict Resolution? Filipo Aureli and Frans B. M. de Waal

Part 1 - History
Introduction
2. The First Kiss: Foundations of Conflict Resolution Research in Animals Frans B. M. de Waal
Methodological Progress in Post-Conflict Research Hans C. Veenema
3. Conflict Management in Children and Adolescents Peter Verbeek, Willard W. Hartup, and W. Andrew Collins
4. Law, Love and Reconciliation: Searching for Natural Conflict Resolution in Homo Sapiens
Douglas H. Yarn
Interpersonal Dynamics in International Conflict Mediation Joyce Neu

Part 2 - Controlling Aggression
Introduction
5. Dominance and Communication: Conflict Management in Various Social Settings Signe Preuschoft and Carel P. van Schaik
Conflict, Social Costs, and Game Theory Shuichi Matsumura and Kyoko Okamoto
The Use of Infants to Buffer Male Agression Jutto Kuester and Andreas Paul
Greeting Ceremonies in Babboons and Hyenas Fernando Colmenares, Heribert Hofer, and Marion L. East
6. Covariation of Conflict Management Patterns across Macaque Species Bernard Thierry
Physiological Correlates of Individual Dominance Style Robert Sapolsky
7. Coping with Crowded Conditions Peter G. Judge
Conflict Prevention before Feeding Nicola F. Koyama
8. The Peacefulness of Cooperatively Breeding Primates Colleen M. Schaffner and Nancy G. Caine

Part 3 - Repairing the Damage
Introduction
9. Reconciliation and Relationship Qualities Marina Cords
The Function of Peaceful Post-Conflict Interactions: An Alternate View Joan B. Silk
Distance Regulation in Macaques: A Form of Implicit Reconciliation? Josep Call
10. The Role of Emotion in Conflict and Conflict Resolution Fillipo Aureli and Darlene Smucny
Vocal Reconciliation by Free-Ranging Baboons Dorothy L. Cheney and Robert M. Seyfarth
The Development of Reconciliation in Brown Capuchins Ann Ch. Weaver and Frans B. M. de Waal
11. Beyond the Primates: Expanding the Reconciliation Horizon Gabriel Schino
The Ethological Approach Precluded Recognition of Reconciliation Thelma E. Rowell
Peaceful Conflict Resolution in the Sea? Amy Samuels and Cindy Flaherty
Conflict Management in Female-Dominated Spotted Hyenas Heribert Hofer and Marion East
12. A Multicultural View of Peacemaking among Young Children Marina Butovskaya, Peter Verbeek, Thomas Ljungberg, and Antonella Lunardini
Post-Tantrum Affiliation with Parents: The Ontogeny of Reconciliation Michael Potegal

Part 4 - Triadic Affairs
Introduction
13. Conflict Management via Third Parties: Post-Conflict Affiliation of the Aggressor Marjolijn Das
Do Impartial Interventions in Conflicts Occur in Monkeys and Apes? Odile Petit and Bernard Thierry
14. Redirection, Consolation, and Male Policing: How Targets of Aggression Interact with Bystanders David P. Watts, Fernando Colmenares, and Kate Arnold
Triadic versus Dyadic Resolutions: Cognitive Implications Duncan L. Castles

Part 5 - Ecological and Cultural Contexts
Introduction
15. The Natural History of Valuable Relationships in Primates Carel P. van Schaik and Filippo Aureli
Prescription for Peacefulness Karen B. Strier, Dennison S. Carvalho, and Nilcemar O. Bejar
Divergent Social Patterns in Two Primitive Primates Michael E. Pereira and Peter M. Kappeler
16. Conflict Management in Cross-Cultural Perspective Douglas P. Fry
17. The Evolution and Development of Morality Melanie Killen and Frances B. M. de Waal
Forgiveness across Cultures Seung-Ryong Park and Robert D. Enright

Conclusion
18. Shared Principles and Unanswered Questions Frans de Waal and Fillipo Aureli

Appendixes
Appendix A. The Occurrence of Reconciliation in Nonhuman Primates
Appendix B. Key Terms Used in the Volume
Contributors
Index