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University of California Press

About the Book

Offshore Attachments reveals how the contested management of sex and race transformed the Caribbean into a crucial site in the global oil economy. By the mid-twentieth century, the Dutch islands of Curaçao and Aruba housed the world’s largest oil refineries. To bolster this massive industrial experiment, oil corporations and political authorities offshored intimacy, circumventing laws regulating sex, reproduction, and the family in a bid to maximize profits and turn Caribbean subjects into citizens. Historian Chelsea Schields demonstrates how Caribbean people both embraced and challenged efforts to alter intimate behavior in service to the energy economy. Moving from Caribbean oil towns to European metropolises and examining such issues as sex work, contraception, kinship, and the constitution of desire, Schields narrates a surprising story of how racialized concern with sex shaped hydrocarbon industries as the age of oil met the end of empire.

About the Author

Chelsea Schields is Associate Professor of History at the University of California, Irvine.

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Q&A with Chelsea Schields, author of Offshore Attachments

Offshore Attachments reveals how the contested management of sex and race transformed the Caribbean into a crucial site in the global oil economy. By the mid-twentieth century, the Dutch islands of Curaçao and Aruba housed the world’s largest oil refineries. To bolster this massive industrial experi
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Table of Contents

Contents

List of Illustrations 
Abbreviations 

Introduction: “Oil Is the Lubricant” 

1. Crude Bargains: Sex and the Making of an Oil Economy 
2. Diminishing Returns: Domesticity on the Edge of Whiteness 
3. Manufacturing Surplus: Population and Development in the Downstream 
4. “Sexuality, Yes! Slavery, No!”: Erotic Rebellion and Economic Freedom 
5. Dutch Diseases: Race, Welfare, and the Quantification of Kinship 
Conclusion: Acts of Attachment 

Acknowledgments 
Notes 
Bibliography 
Index 

Reviews

"The book…is grounded in impressive, multi-archival, and multilingual research showcasing a wide range of primary sources that include local publications, personal recollections, oral interviews, governmental papers, and private companies’ studies and reports."
 
H-Net Reviews
"This account of twentieth-century oil production in the Dutch Caribbean historicizes the making of the oil industry, but also historicizes the making of racialization and of sexual practices and mores."
Logos
 "Schield's book makes a noteworthy contribution to the field of  Caribbean History. Providing rich opportunities to account for the historicity of such seemingly innate and transparent categories as race and sexuality."
Journal of Caribbean History
"Offshore Attachments is an ambitious exploration of two understudied Caribbean islands and the role they played on a global stage."
New West Indian Guide
"The book documents intimacy vis-à-vis the global oil industry to remind us of how desire, racism, and sex continue to operate via offshore attachments well after the bust of the oil industry, e.g., in the current arrangements and organization of the tourism and leisure industry and in the Caribbean diaspora in Europe. It does so in an accessible form, through careful discourse and archival analysis, a Black feminist sensitivity, and the vantage point of two small islands in the Caribbean."
The Americas
"The author uses the understudied case study of the oil industry in the midcentury Dutch Caribbean to write a fascinating story of interest to a wide variety of scholars focused on the history of energy and fossil fuels, empire, capitalism, gender and sexuality, Europe, and the Caribbean and Latin America."
American Historical Review
"Chelsea Schields has written a fascinating account that documents how international oil companies manipulated sexual desire and race relations to control a transnational labor force in the Dutch Antilles. She convincingly argues that sex and race are central to understanding the organization of labor in the oil industry. The work also addresses the demise of the oil industry, immigration to the metropole, the racist tropes Afro-Caribbean people faced, and efforts by radical activists who imagined a different social reality."—Miguel Tinker Salas, author of The Enduring Legacy: Oil, Culture, and Society in Venezuela

"Offshore Attachments is deeply original, bringing together a wide range of sources and analytical perspectives to unearth the critical role of the Caribbean in the development of the global energy system and the importance of women’s sexual and reproductive labor to the oil economy. This is a fantastic work of scholarship that will undoubtedly make an impact in multiple fields."⏤Nicole Bourbonnais, author of Birth Control in the Decolonizing Caribbean: Reproductive Politics and Practice on Four Islands, 1930–1970

"The very premise of the book—the linkage between oil and sex, the latter broadly conceived—is novel, innovative, engaging, and even transgressive at times, since Schields reads with and against the grain of existing studies. Her prose incorporates a diverse body of sources in a cohesive narrative structure that moves forward and backward in time and across space with both clarity and grace."—Jennifer L. Foray, author of Visions of Empire in the Nazi-Occupied Netherlands

Awards

  • AHA Prize in European International History 2024, American Historical Association
  • Joan Kelly Memorial Prize in Women’s History and/or Feminist Theory 2024, American Historical Association
  • Gordon K. and Sybil Lewis Award 2024, Caribbean Studies Association
  • Bryce Wood Book Award 2024, Latin American Studies Association
  • Luciano Tomassini Latin American International Relations Book Award 2024, Latin American Studies Association
  • World History Connected Book Prize 2024, World History Association